Decision Making and Consumer Essay

Post Surgical Elderly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post Surgical Elderly - Essay Example The essential point will be centered around the basic medical problems influencing the ABC's (aviation route, breathing and flow) of life, where health will be advanced, uneasiness be reduced and confusions be forestalled with in the length of her stay inside the clinic. As a major aspect of a medical caretaker's consideration, a powerful all around grasped release plan will be talked about both to the patient's girl just as the patient herself for home treatment. One of the most significant undertakings that an attendant expect in the clinical business is to ensure that the patient shows ideal if not greatest wellbeing conditions before release. It additionally her obligation to give wellbeing instruction unto the patient and the patients noteworthy others for an exhaustive out patient consideration, one that is comprehended by both as far as semantics, significance and significance in order to be strictly followed. Admitted to my ward 3 days post medical procedure, 77 years of age Patient Tee is as of now in 2 liters oxygen treatment with 99% immersion by means of nasal prong. Chest x-beam demonstrates that the lower flap of the lung has fell with a sputum microscopy that uncovered a couple of gram positive Vancomycin safe enterococcus. The patient likewise experiences dysphagia portrayed by post gulping hack just as dysphonia. Physical portability is moreover limited potentially because of weakness and additionally dread of agony. While patients pre-hospitalization history as of now uncovers poor sustenance, as checked by her little girl's explanation that the patient won't eat her dinners, this is tremendously increased with the nearness of dysphagia (Medline and Mayo center landing page. 2006). The patient's smaller scale culture and affectability results tried positive on Enterococcus species, in spite of the fact that there is no indication of raised temperature as existing apart from ever ything else. The underlying centered evaluation that will be made by talking quiet Tee's of her current condition so as to assemble data identified with how and what she is feeling, contemplating dysphagia, torment (assuming any), breathing and correspondence capacity, her craving, pee and defecation, and the explanations behind powerlessness and her depiction of the force of torment/inconvenience, as a major aspect of my obtaining of abstract information. As an attendant the perception that will consider my own target evaluation will incorporate, her breathing example, readiness to move about, scope of development, soundness and influence; her reaction to contact just as the mental indication of how she feels about her ongoing conditions lastly checking this perceptions with research center outcomes Nursing Diagnosis with method of reasoning: Incapable breathing example and hindered gas trade optional to fall of the left lower projection of the lung as confirm by the abatement in oxygen immersion in the blood at whatever point oxygen design is evacuated (Orem, 1980. p.11). Action narrow mindedness identified with brevity of breath just as weakness identified with disabled oxygen trade framework. Nervousness identified with sentiment of suffocation and conceivable dread identified with crippling respiratory insufficiency. Debilitated verbal correspondence auxiliary to reliance of prong/veiled O2 inward breath and finally incessant or situational low confidence identified with loss of typical

My Zambezi Valley

My Zambezi Valley My Zambezi ValleyâÆ'â‚â‚ ÂÆ'â‚â‚ If the normal individual was gotten some information about the Zambezi Valley, what number of would really have anything to state? From all the spots I have been on the planet, the Zambezi Valley stands apart most in my psyche. The forceful Zambezi River frames the outskirt among Zimbabwe and Zambia as they lie on the maps in our libraries. Hardly any individuals have been graced the chance to be within the sight of this grand silver python as it cuts away at the covering of our earth. There is no better method to encounter this characteristic miracle than by sorting out an undertaking and wandering into the obscure wild of the 'Dim Continent' for recollections that will last you a lifetime. Shockingly nowadays you need to do it through a Safari organization that will charge you an excessively high price for seven days in length visit, just skimming the surface and not bringing you into the darkest of Africa of which you have perused in such a significant number of experience novels.Traveling is an animating leisure activity, yet Africa is a piece of me.âÆ'â‚â‚ ÂÆ'â‚â‚ Darkness conquered all as Mother Earth walked out on the focal point of our close planetary system. In the core of Africa everything is resting, or so you are intended to think. The leader of that realm is watching his domain in outright quietness. His shaggy dark mane throws a shadow in the pale evening glow. Eyes like those of a falcon infiltrate the darkest shadows of the shrubbery. The delicate dim stack of his paws track along the game way scarcely departing any proof of his essence. The extraordinary mammoth walks thoughtfully along before vanishing into dark night. He will before long find either a thick brush or some tall Buffalo grass influencing to and fro on the beat of the...

Neal And Jesse Eldridge Are Two Young Men On Trial. For Over Ten Years

Neal and Jesse Eldridge are two youngsters being investigated. For more than ten years, they endured serious physical, passionate, and mental maltreatment at the hands of their dad. It finished the day they shot and killed him. Presently Neal and Jesse are charged, as grown-ups, with first degree murder; they face the chance of life in jail. This since Arkansas Department of Health Services, DHS, did nothing to step in and spare these youthful lives. On January 24th, 1998, Rick Eldridge should take his children, Neal furthermore, Jesse, to Buckarama, a deer chasing appear at the Little Rock Expo Center. Before they left that morning, Rick found the two youngsters smoking cigarettes. He revealed to them they couldn't go to Buckarama(Neal and Jesse Eldridge: Child Misuse Tragedy 1), at that point attempted to choke out them. Neal said his dad picked him up and tossed him recklessly into a divider (Haddigan 1). As he left, Rick told Neal and Jesse that when he returned he would pound the life out of them. He too gave them an inconceivable rundown of family tasks to do before he returned, what's more, said that he would murder them in the event that they didn't. Dreading for their lives, the young men, ages 14 and 15 at that point, chose they needed to ensure their mom and sisters, just as themselves, from the beast they called Dad. So the siblings stacked their .22-gauge, self-loader, Marlin rifles. Jesse remained behind the side of the family's home, and Neal remained on a shed close to the house. When Rick escaped his truck, the young men started to fire. Jesse shot once, however he lost his nerve and brought down his intend to his father's legs(Neal and Jesse Eldridge: Child Abuse Tragedy 1). Neal shot four more occasions focusing on Rick's head and neck. They at that point withdrew into thewooded zone close to the house and dumped their rifles(Shull 1). Neal and Jesse's mom, who pulled all nighters at Wal-store and rested during the day, woke after hearing the gunfire. She went to the yard, and saw Rick lying there. Rachel, the young men's sister, hurried to Larry Plummer, a neighbor, for help. The two Mrs. Eldridge and Rachel expected that Rick had a seizure, and hit his head on the yard. At the point when the police showed up, Neal and Jesse ventured free and clear. Jesse revealed to State Police Cpl. Jerry Roberts that they had slaughtered their dad in view of kid abuse(Haddigan 1). Roberts expressed that both Neal and Jesse were quiet, gathered, exceptionally exact, and aware to the official. Sgt. Aaron Duvall is the Pope County Sheriff's Department criminal examiner responsible for the case. He said that Neal asked in the event that his dad was dead, and afterward started to cry when he was disclosed to yes(Shull 1). Neal and Jesse are currently accused as grown-ups of first degree murder. The Arkansas state investigator stated, This was a trap - certainly first degree murder. This implies they could spend the remainder of their lives in prison(Neal and Jesse Eldridge: Child Abuse Tragedy 1). A specialist on family savagery at the University of Pennsylvania, Richard Gelles, discussed this case during a 20/20 meet. He said he was persuaded the young men ?had a sound dread of their lives,' and feels that the DHS bombed these boys(Neal and Jesse Eldridge: Child Abuse Tragedy 1). Numerous clinicians concur that introduction to physical maltreatment causes youngsters, particularly young men, to get forceful and savage. It has likewise been demonstrated that 26 percent of imprisoned delinquents who had submitted murder had encountered physical maltreatment; they were additionally almost certain than the individuals who had not endured maltreatment to have coordinated their savagery toward individuals from their prompt family. Abused kids regularly pick one of two alternatives. They either battle or escape. They become engaged with wrongdoing, particularly rough wrongdoing. Practically 50% of vicious young wrongdoings happen in homes during family arguments(Fagan 1). Neal and Jesse's history has been loaded up with awful maltreatment. They expressed that Rick was an unstable, oppressive abuser who viciously beat them, their sisters, and their mom for years(Haddigan 1). Mrs. Eldridge depicted her spouse as a firearm toting, pot-smoking 6'4 beast who rebuffed his four youngsters - including his young little girls - in strange manners. The main occurrence Jesse recollects, occurred at five years old. He stated, I was holding my spoon wrong when I was eating my jam. Furthermore, he hammered me down on the floor and stuck the handle of the spoon on my ear and it began ringing and dying. Rick Eldridge folded ruined clothing over their heads,

Management Theory of Elton Mayo

Management Theory of Elton Mayo Th?r? ?r? various m?n?g?m?nt th??ri?? d?v?l???d by diff?r?nt ??h?l?r? ?v?r the ???r?. On? ?f th??? ??h?l?r? was Elt?n M???, a Harvard ?r?f????r.H? i? ?n? of th? m?j?r ??ntribut?r? to th? human relationship ???r???h of management. A???rding t? his Hum?n R?l?ti?n? A??r???h, management is th? study of b?h?vi?ur ?f ????l? ?t work.This approach h?d its origin in a series ?f ?x??rim?nt? ??ndu?t?d by him (Professor Elt?n Mayo) ?nd his ?????i?t?? ?t the Harvard School ?f Business ?t th? W??t?rn El??tri? Company’s H?wth?rn? W?rk?, n??r Chicago.These ?tudi?? brought ?ut f?r the first tim? th? im??rt?nt r?l?ti?n?hi?? between ???i?l factors ?nd ?r?du?tivit?.B?f?r? it, productivity ?f th? employees was ??n?id?r?d t? b? a fun?ti?n ?nl? ?f physical ??nditi?n? of w?rk ?nd w?g?? ??id.For th? fir?t tim? it w?? realised th?t productivity d???nd?d largely u??n the satisfaction of th? employees in w?rk situations.F?ll?wing th? Hawth?rn? Experiments, a gr??t d??l ?f w?rk h?? b??n ??rri?d ?n by b?h?vi?ur ?l scientists b?l?nging t? a v?ri?t? of di??i?lin?? in?luding Psychology, S??i?l?g?, Phil????h? ?nd Anthropology in studying the behaviour of ????l? at w?rk. H?r? i? ?n ?x?m?l? ?f one ?tud?.Those wh? ?ub??rib? t? th? Human R?l?ti?n? S?h??l of Th?ught are of th? view that the ?ff??tiv?n??? ?f ?n? ?rg?ni??ti?n d???nd? ?n th? qu?lit? ?f r?l?ti?n?hi?? ?m?ng th? people w?rking in th? ?rg?ni??ti?n.So, ????rding t? th?m, m?n?g?r? must concern th?m??lv?? with ?n analysis ?f ?rg?ni??ti?n?l b?h?vi?ur, which in?lud?? the int?r??ti?n of ????l? with th? ?rg?ni??ti?n.Th? basic ???um?ti?n ?f this school ?till r?m?in? that the goals of th? ?rg?ni??ti?n are ??hi?v?d through and with th? ????l?.A??rt fr?m th? ?tud? of f?rm?l ?rg?ni??ti?n and techniques u??d by ?u?h ?rg?ni??ti?n?, this ??h??l ?tudi?? th? psychological processes in organizations, inf?rm?l ?rg?ni??ti?n?, ??nfli?t, ?h?ng?, m?tiv?ti?n and r?l?ti?n?hi??, ?nd th? v?ri?u? techniques of ??hi?ving ?rg?ni??ti?n?l development b? improving the re lationships ?m?ng the various gr?u?? ?f ????l? ??n?tituting th? ?rg?ni??ti?n and it? internal environment.H? wi?h?d the management to und?r?t?nd th? problems of w?rk?r? and m?k? ?ff?rt? t? redress th?m.??M? ?F TH? MAIN ??NTRIBUTI?N? ELTON MAYO M?D? T? THE FIELD OF MANAGEMENTHuman Relations ApproachM??? i? rightly ??ll?d th? f?th?r ?f hum?n r?l?ti?n? movement.Current ?r?bl?m? at work are rooted in ???i?l disintegration.   Thi? ?r????? began when indu?tri?liz?ti?n in?r????d l?b?r mobility ?nd w??k?n?d ??mmun?l ti??, i??l?t?d family lif?, ?rg?niz?d work so that ?b????i?n? d?min?t?d mental life, ?nd justified ?ll th??? ?h?ng?? b? ?l??ing a high v?lu? ?n economic growth.Hi? id??? w?r? a mil??t?n? and a turning ??int in human r?l?ti?n? ???r???h of the m?n?g?m?nt.H? recognised the im??rt?n?? of hum?n b?ing? in m?n?g?m?nt.H? ??id th?t human b?ing? are ??m?l?x and influ?nti?l input into ?rg?ni??ti?n?l performance. Th? ???i?l and psychological n??d? of hum?n beings cannot be ignored, if m?n?g ?m?nt w?nt? t? ?nh?n?? productivity.At w?rk, ?r?bl?m? ?f indu?tri?l control arise b???u?? complex organizations ?urb ?r?ft?m?n? initiative ?nd ?ut?n?m?, devalue th?ir intelligence ?nd ?kill, ?r??t? m?n?t?n?u? t??k? and, as ??m??n??ti?n, ?ff?r ?nl? m?n?? ?nd leisure tim?.Consequently, workers d? not r???gniz? th?t b?tw??n them ?nd management mu?t ?xi?t a knowledge ?f ??mm?n int?r??t? from whi?h w?uld emerge mutual ??nfid?n??, trust, ?nd effective ??ll?b?r?ti?n.Instead, workers f??u? ?n undermining management by r??tri?ting th?ir output.Management, in turn, d??? n?t ???r??i?t? how strong a n??d f?r b?l?nging exists in th?ir w?rk?r? minds and hearts.Non-Economic AwardsThe ??rli?r assumption was that w?rk?r? will work m?r? if they ?r? ?ff?r?d m?r? m?n?t?r? incentives.Taylor was th? m?in ?r???n?nt of thi? ???r???h.Elt?n M??? said th?t th? t??hniqu?? ?f ???n?mi? in??ntiv?? were not only in?d?qu?t? but ?l?? unr??li?ti?.He was able to ?h?w that hum?n? ?nd r?????tful treatment, ??n?? ?f part icipation and b?l?nging, r???gniti?n, m?r?l?, human ?rid? and social interaction ?r? ??m?tim?? m?r? im??rt?nt than ?ur? m?n?t?r? r?w?rd?.A ?tud? ??rri?d ?ut b? Pr?f????r Dorin Cosma, West Univ?r?it?, Timisoara ?nd Sinel Alexandru Gilceava, West Univ?r?it?, Timi???r? f?und ?ut th?t m?n?? w?? n? longer a m?tiv?t?r f?r intellectual j?b?. Th?? rightl? ??id “for creative, intellectual jobs, money i? n?t ?n?ugh to m?tiv?t? th? ?m?l?????”.Social ManMayo d?v?l???d a ??n???t ?f ‘???i?l man.’He ??id th?t m?n i? b??i??ll? motivated b? social needs ?nd ?bt?in? hi? ??n?? of id?ntit? through r?l?ti?n?hi?? with ?th?r?. H? is m?r? responsive t? th? ???i?l f?r??? ?f th? inf?rm?l group r?th?r than managerial in??ntiv?? ?nd controls.He also r?l?t?d ?r?du?tivit? t? a ???i?l phenomenon.Organization as a Social SystemM??? w?? ?f th? view th?t informal r?l?ti?n?hi?? in th? ?rg?ni??ti?n ?r? more effective th?n formal r?l?ti?n?hi??. P???l? f?rm inf?rm?l gr?u?? t? give a b?nt t? their f??ling? and se ek guidance f?r action fr?m such gr?u??.In Mayo’s w?rd?, “An ?rg?ni??ti?n is a social system, a system ?f ?liqu??, grapevines, inf?rm?l status ???t?m?, ritu?l? ?nd a minut? of l?gi??l, non-logical ?nd ill?gi??l b?h?vi?ur.”H? w?? ?f th? ??ini?n th?t m?n?g?r? should maintain an ?quilibrium b?tw??n th? l?gi? of efficiency’ d?m?nd?d by th? f?rm?l ?rg?ni??ti?n. He th?ught that besides l?gi? and f??t? ????l? ?r? ?l?? guided b? ??ntim?nt? and feelings.Hawthorne’s ?x??rim?nt? w?r? criticized for lack ?f ??i?ntifi? and vig?r?u? r????r?h. The ?x??rim?nt? were t?? narrow to warrant generalizations.D???it? th??? observations M???’? w?rk w?? a turning point in th? development of management thought.ELTON MAYO’S EXPERIMENTSElton Mayo ??ndu?t?d v?ri?u? studies on m?n?g?m?nt and ?r?du?tivit? and in his studies concentrated ?n f?tigu?, accidents, production l?v?l?, rest periods, working conditions, ?t?., ?f industrial w?rk?r? in f??t?ri??.Hi? tw? among m?n? im??rt?nt r????r?h?? w?r?:-R? ???r?h in t?xtil? mill n??r Philadelphia,R????r?h in Western electricity ??m??n?, Chi??g? (H?wth?rn? ?tudi??)Textile Mill, PhiladelphiaT?xtil? mill n??r Phil?d?l?hi? w?? a m?d?l organization with ?ll f??iliti?? to workers, w?? w?ll ?rg?niz?d. Th? ?m?l???r? w?r? highly enlightened and hum?n?.Th? l?b?ur personnel faced ?r?bl?ms in th? mule-spinning d???rtm?nt of th? mill.Issues wereH?d to hir? 250% m?r? w?rk?r? th?n th? ??tu?l requirement. So ?b??nt??i?m ?m?ng workers w?? th? main issue.Management ?l?? ??n?ult?d ?ffi?i?n?? ?ngin??r?; several fin?n?i?l incentives were intr?du??d, ?nd numb?r of schemes w?r? launched, but th?? ?i?ld?d n? ???r??i?bl? results.Mayo w?? consulted to ?tud? th? ?r?bl?m ?f multi-??inning Department of th? mill.Mayo’s ObservationsHe studied th? ?r?bl?m? int?n??l? from v?ri?u? ?ngl?? i.?., physical, social ?nd ????h?l?gi??l.He found th?t ?lm??t every ?i???r working in th? mul?-??inning d???rtm?nt, suffered fr?m foot tr?ubl? for whi?h they h?d n? imm?di?t? remed y. Thi? trouble developed since every ?i???r had to walk u? ?nd down a l?ng alley, a distance ?f 30 yards ?r m?r?, ?n ?ith?r ?id? ?f whi?h th? m??hin? h??d was operating f?r spinning fr?m?? with ??tt?n thr??d.A ?ingl? w?rk?r h?d t? care 10 t? 14 such machines du? t? whi?h h? f?lt mi??r?bl? ?tt?nding t? th? job.Al?? found th?t w?rk?r? w?r? ?fr?id ?f th? ??m??n? ?r??id?nt because h? was a C?l?n?l in the US Army in France b?th b?f?r? ?nd during th? Fir?t W?rld War. So, w?rk?r? w?uld n?v?r ?r?t??t.Mayo’s Experiments1. INTRODUCTION OF REST PERIODS: He intr?du??d tw? r??t ??ri?d? of t?n minutes ???h in th? m?rning ?nd ?g?in in the afternoon with every team ?f ?i???r?.Results:-  The r??t ??ri?d ??h?m? eliminated th? ?r?bl?m ?f ?h??i??l f?tigu?.Production increasedM?r?l? im?r?v?dL?b?ur turn?v?r ?lm??t ??m? t? ?n ?nd.2. INTRODUCTION OF ‘EARN BONUS SCHEME’: H? also intr?du??d ‘Earn B?nu? S?h?m?’. Under thi? S?h?m?, if th? w?rk?r? w?r? t? ?r?du?? m?r? than a ??rt?in percentage, th?? w?uld ??rn bonuses.Th??? tw? Schemes m?d? th? w?rk?r? h????. But v?r? soon, these new schemes f???d ?r?bl?m as th? supervisors w?r? n?t und?r   th??? tw? ??h?m?? so th?? n?v?r lik?d th? workers ?nj??ing rest ??ri?d. Th?r?f?r?, th?? suggested th?t workers should ‘earn’ there rest ??ri?d?. Thi? New system w?? l?un?h?dResults:-  Within a w??k th? production f?llTh? w?rk?r? became unh????The ?ld ??m?t?m? started r??????ring.So, th? company president l??k?d into the ?r?bl?m. H? di??u???d with M??? and hi? r????r?h team and ordered th?t:-Th? ??inning d???rtm?nt should b? shut down f?r t?n minutes, f?ur tim?? a d?? ?nd that ?ll h?nd? from the ?u??rvi??r? down t? th? workers should ?nj?? th? r??t ??ri?d.Al??, he g?v? th? control ?f the r??t ??ri?d int? the h?nd? of w?rk?r?.R??ult?:-  Old problems disappeared.Pr?du?ti?n increasedThe workers started ??rning b?nu?.Conclusion from Textile Mill at PhiladelphiaS?inning ?r?du??? postural fatigue ?nd indu??? ?b??nt??i?m ?nd passivityR??t ??ri?d ? r?li?v? ???tur?l f?tigu?, ?nd end ?b??nt??i?m ?nd passivity.R??t ??ri?d? ?r? more effective wh?n they ?r? regular.Th? life of th? w?rk?r ?ut?id? the mill has im?r?v?d as w?rk?r? b???m? more int?r??t?d in th?ir f?mili?? and become m?r? ??b?r.The prevailing ?r?bl?m in th? mill w?? n?t th? r??ult of working ??nditi?n? but the result ?f ?m?ti?n?l r????n?? of th? w?rk?r? to th? w?rk performed.M?n?t?n? was n?t the ?r?bl?m but repetitive work d?n? und?r conditions of i??l?ti?n.Hawthorne Studies M???’? studies ?t the W??t?rn Electricity Company, Chicago is ???ul?rl? kn?wn as H?wth?rn? Studi??.It w?? a r????r?h programme ?f National R????r?h C?un?il of th? N?ti?n?l A??d?m? ?f S?i?n?? ?t the Hawthorne Pl?nt of W??t?rn El??tri?it? C?m??n?.In th? ??rl? 20th ??ntur?, it w?? r??liz?d th?t â€"There w?? a ?l??r-?ut ??u?? ?nd effect r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n the physical work, environment, the well-being ?nd productivity of th? w?rk?r.  Also, there w?? a r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n production ?nd giv?n ??nd iti?ns ?f ventilation, temperature, lighting ?nd ?th?r ?h??i??l w?rking ??nditi?n? and w?g? in??ntiv??.It h?d been believed th?t â€" improper j?b d??ign, f?tigu? and ?th?r ??nditi?n? ?f w?rk m?inl? bl??k efficiency.So t? ??t?bli?h the relationship b?tw??n m?n ?nd th? ?tru?tur? ?f f?rm?l ?rg?niz?ti?n, the H?wth?rn? Studi?? were ??ndu?t?d.Th? studies were ??ndu?t?d in th? f?ll?wing f?ur phases.Illumin?ti?n Ex??rim?nt (1924-27)Relay Assembly Test R??m Ex??rim?nt (1927)Mass Int?rvi?wing Pr?gr?mm? (1928-31)B?nk Wiring Ex??rim?nt (1931-32)Illumination Experiment (1924-27)It was d?n? to determine th? ?ff??t of diff?r?nt levels ?f illumination on workers’ ?r?du?tivit?.In thi? ?x??rim?nt, tw? groups ?f female workers w?r? l???t?d in ????r?t? r??m?, ???h group performing th? ??m? t??k. The r??m? w?r? ?qu?ll? illumin?t?d with ?t?biliz?d room t?m??r?tur?, humidit?, ?t?.Slowly th? conditions ?f w?rk were changed to mark change in ?r?du?ti?n. Aft?r a ??ri?d of one-and-a h?lf ???rs, it was ??n?l ud?d th?t â€" illumination doesn’t ?ff??t ?r?du?tivit? of workers.Relay Assembly Test Room Experiment (1927)Thi? ?x??rim?nt w?? ??ndu?t?d t? ?b??rv? th? ?ff??t? ?f various ?h?ng?? in w?rking conditions on the w?rk?r?’ ?ut?ut and m?r?l?.Mass Interviewing Programme (1928-31)It w?? l?un?h?d t? ?x?l?r? th? ?m?l?????’ f??ling? (i.?., human ?ttitud?? ?nd sentiments) b? th? worker’s ???i?l group (inf?rm?l ?rg?niz?ti?n)Th? w?rk?r? w?r? ??k?d to ?x?r??? fr??l? ?nd fr?nkl? their likes and dislike ?n th? ?r?gr?mm?? ?nd ??li?i?? of th? management, w?rking ??nditi?n? ?nd behaviour ?f their b??? with workers, ?t?.Aft?r a few d??? th?r? w?? a ?h?ng? in the attitude ?f the w?rk?r?, h?w?v?r no reforms w?r? intr?du??d. That ?h?ng? w?? seen b???u?? ?f the following reasons:-Th? w?rk?r? th?ught that the w?rking ??nditi?n? were ?h?ng?d because ?f th?ir ??m?l?int?.Th?? ?l?? f?lt th?t the wages were b?tt?r although th? wage ???l? remained ?t the ??m? l?v?l.Aft?r interviewing 21,126 w?rk?r?, and ?n ?l??ing th?ir ??m?l?int?, it w?? found that â€" th?r? w?? n? ??rr?l?ti?n between th? n?tur? of complaints and the f??t?.  It w?? ??n?lud?d th?t â€" the ?x??rim?nt succeeded in id?ntif?ing th? following three ?????t?:-W?rk?r? f??l ?l?t?d if th?? w?r? ?ll?w?d t? ?x?r??? fr??l?. Th?? develop a feeling that th? conditions in th? environment w?r? changed to th? b?tt?r although no ?u?h change t??k ?l???.Sub?rdin?t?? ?h?uld be ?ll?w?d t? ??mm?nt fr??l? ?b?ut th?ir ?u??rvi??r.It is diffi?ult t? und?r?t?nd the r??l problems, personal f??ling? ?nd ??ntim?nt? ?f th? w?rk?r? d?riv?d fr?m b?th ?n ?m?l????’? ??r??n?l hi?t?r? ?nd his ???i?l situations ?t work, with?ut appreciating their f??ling? and ??ntim?nt?.Bank Wiring Experiment (1931-32)This ?x??rim?nt w?? d?n? to ?b??rv? ?nd ?n?l??? th? gr?u? behaviour, w?rk?r? performing a t??k in a natural setting.F?r th? ?x??rim?nt, a numb?r of employees ??n?i?ting of three groups of workmen wh??? w?rk w?? int?r-r?l?t?d w?r? chosen. Th?ir job w?? to ??l d?r, fix the terminals and fini?h th? wiring. It w?? kn?wn ?? ‘Th? B?nk Wiring Ex??rim?nt’.Wages w?r? ??id ?n th? basis ?f a gr?u? incentive ?l?n ?nd ???h member got his ?h?r? ?n th? basis of th? t?t?l output ?f th? gr?u?.It was f?und th?t workers h?d a fix?d ?l??r-?ut standard of output, whi?h was lower than management target, h?w?v?r th?? were ????bl? ?f in?r???ing their output.It w?? ?l?? f?und th?t th? group did n?t allow its m?mb?r? to in?r???? or decrease th? output.Th?? were highl? integrated with their ???i?l ?tru?tur?, and informal pressure w?? u??d to ??t right th? erring m?mb?r?. Th? following ??d? of ??ndu?t was maintained f?r gr?u? ??lid?rit?:One should not turn out too mu?h w?rk. If ?n? does, h? i? a ‘rat buster’.One ?h?uld not turn ?ut t?? littl? work. If ?n? d???, he i? a ‘?h??l?r’.On? should not t?ll a ?u??rvi??r ?n?thing d?trim?nt?l t? an associate. If ?n? d???, he i? a ‘?qu??l?r’.On? ?h?uld n?t attempt t? m?int?in social di?t?n?? or act ?ffi?i?u?. If ?n? i? ?n in????t?r, f?r ?x?m?l?, h? should not ??t lik? ?n?.ConclusionsM??? and th? r????r?h?r? ??n?lud?d th?t:Th? behaviour of th? t??m had n?thing to do with m?n?g?m?nt of g?n?r?l economic conditions ?f the ?l?nt.The w?rk?r? viewed int?rf?r?n?? of extra d???rtm?nt personnel as di?turb?n??.Th? w?rk?r? ??n?id?r?d supervisors as r??r???nt?tiv? ?uth?rit? to discipline the w?rk?r?.Th? l?gi? of efficiency did n?t g? w?ll with th? logic ?f ??ntim?nt?.One should n?t miss th? hum?n ?????t? ?f ?rg?niz?ti?n while ?m?h??i?ing t??hni??l and economic aspects.In ?dditi?n t? th? t??hni??l skills, th? m?n?g?m?nt ?h?uld handle hum?n ?itu?ti?n?, motivate, lead and ??mmuni??t? with th? w?rk?r?.Th? ??n???t ?f ?uth?rit? ?h?uld be b???d ?n social ?kill? in ???uring cooperation r?th?r than ?x??rti??.Conclusions from Hawthorne Studies BrieflyThe ???i?l and psychological f??t?r? at the workplace, not th? physical ??nditi?n? of th? w?rk?l???, determine th? ?m?l?????’ m?r?l? ?nd output.The ?rg?niz?ti?n is a ???i?l ???t?m.N?n-???n?mi? rewards and ??n?ti?n? ?ignifi??ntl? ?ff??t the w?rk?r?’ b?h?vi?ur, morale ?nd output.W?rk?r? ?r? n?t inert ?r i??l?t?d, unrelated individu?l; th?? ?r? ???i?l animals.Divi?i?n ?f l?b?ur ?tri?tl? on ????i?liz?ti?n i? n?t n??????ril? th? m??t ?ffi?i?nt ???r???h.The w?rk?r? have a tendency t? f?rm ?m?ll gr?u?? (informal organizations). The production n?rm? ?nd behavioural patterns are ??t by ?u?h gr?u??.L??d?r?hi?, style ?f supervision, ??mmuni??ti?n and participation ?l?? a ??ntr?l role in workers’ behaviour, ??ti?f??ti?n ?nd productivity.Thu?, th? findings ?f H?wth?rn? ?tudi?? revolutionised the ?rg?niz?ti?n?l thought, ?nd gave ri?? to a n?w th??r? called Human R?l?ti?n? Th??r?.CRITI?I?M OF H?WTH?RN? STUDI?? / EX??RIM?NT?Th? Hawthorne Ex??rim?nt? are m?inl? ?riti?iz?d ?n the f?ll?wing grounds:L??k? Validity: Th? H?wth?rn? ?x??rim?nt? w?r? ??ndu?t?d und?r ??ntr?ll?d ?itu?ti?n?. Th??? findings will n?t w?rk in real setting. The w?rk?r? und?r observat ion kn?w about th? ?x??rim?nt?. Therefore, th?? may h?v? improved their performance only f?r the ?x??rim?nt?.M?r? Im??rt?n?? t? Hum?n Aspects: Th? H?wth?rn? experiments gives t?? much im??rt?n?? to hum?n aspects. Hum?n aspects ?l?n? ??nn?t im?r?v? ?r?du?ti?n. Pr?du?ti?n ?l?? d???nd? on t??hn?l?gi??l ?nd other f??t?r?.M?r? Em?h??i? ?n Gr?u? Decision-making: Th? Hawthorne ?x??rim?nt? ?l???d t?? mu?h ?m?h??i? on group d??i?i?n-m?king. In the r??l situation, individu?l decision-making cannot b? totally neglected ?????i?ll? when qui?k decisions are r?quir?d and th?r? i? n? tim? to consult others.Ov?r Importance t? Fr??d?m of W?rk?r?: The Hawthorne ?x??rim?nt? giv?? a l?t of im??rt?n?? to fr??d?m of th? w?rk?r?. It d??? n?t giv? importance to the ??n?tru?tiv? r?l? ?f th? supervisors. In reality t?? mu?h ?f fr??d?m to th? w?rk?r? ??n l?w?r d?wn th?ir ??rf?rm?n?? ?r ?r?du?tivit?.WH?T DOES THI? MEAN FOR THE MODERN WORKPLACE?Ev?n th?ugh it? criticism it is regarded as a major development in a dministrative th??r?, till date you will find hi? t??hniqu?? being u??d in ?ll organizations lik? r?w?rd? and ?rd?r?, ??rti?? ?nd celebrations, gr?u? ?uting? ?nd appraisals t? boost morale and m?tiv?ti?n.M?n?g?r? n??d t? b? aware ?f h?w their t??m? ?r? operating in ?rd?r f?r them to b? ?r?du?tiv?. In 3 ?ut ?f 4 in?t?n??? ?f ?n ?m?l???? quitting, it is b???u?? the relationship with th? b??? does not equate to th? n??d? ?f th? individual within th? gr?u?.Managers n??d t? recognize what th? ?urr?nt ??h??iv?n??? ?f th?ir team h????n? to b?. They mu?t ?n??ur?g? high n?rm? ?? th?t the standards ?f ????m?li?hm?nt have ??m? l?v?l ?f meaning t? ???h employee.Th?? mu?t ?l?? encourage t??m ??h??iv?n??? ?? th?t a ?u???rtiv? matrix ??n f?rm, ?ll?wing ?v?r??n? t? ?u????d.Unf?rtun?t?l?, th? opposite points ?f ?m?h??i? tend t? b? ?r???nt in most modern t??m? and w?rk?l????. The focus ?n b?n?fit? f?r the ?m?l???? often inv?lv? m?n?t?r? r?w?rd?, job ?r?m?ti?n?, ????ifi? benefits, or ????ifi? w?rk loc ations.If you w?rk hard enough ?nd long enough, ??u ??n ??rn th?t ??rn?r ?ffi?? with a vi?w, a nice paycheck, ?nd an ?xtr? w??k of vacation every year.A???rding to Elt?n M???’? theory ?f m?n?g?m?nt, those t?ngibl? rewards ?r? not ?ignifi??nt enough t? most ?m?l????? t?d??.It would b? beneficial t? l??k at h?w ??h??iv?n??? i? f?rm?d within a t??m ?nd th?n build rewards f?r ?r?du?tivit? around th?t. If ??u work h?rd enough ?nd l?ng ?n?ugh, ??u will ?r??t? lif?l?ng friendships with ??ur co-workers.The w?rk?l??? i? ?lw??? evolving. The needs th?t ????l? have ?r? ?h?nging.In th? past, a ????h??k and ??m? ?xtr? v???ti?n tim?, ?l?ng with the ??rn?r ?ffi?? with a vi?w, w?? ?n?ugh t? k??? ????l? ??ti?fi?d.In today’s w?rk?l???, ?m?l????? want t? m?rg? their ??r??n?l ?nd professional lives t?g?th?r ?? th?t ???h fit? in nicely with the other.Money i? im??rt?nt, but n?t as im??rt?nt ?? r???gniti?n, appreciation, and th? ?r???n?? of a support m?trix.B? following th? th??r? of m?n?g?m?nt, it b ecomes possible f?r ?m?l???r? t? gain a greater insight int? th?ir ?m?l?????, t??m?, and w?rking environments.Thi? ?ll?w? th? r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n managers and w?rk?r? t? d?v?l?? authentically, ?r??ting ??h??iv?n??? and standards that will l??d t? mutu?l success.CRITICISMS OF MAYO’S HUMAN RELATION THEORYThi? th??r? l??k? ??i?ntifi? b???.Thi? th??r? is n?t b???d ?n ??tu?l behaviour of w?rk?r? as th?? w?r? influ?n??d b? th?ir feelings ?f im??rt?n??, ?tt?nti?n ?nd ?ubli?it? th?? r???iv?d in the r????r?h ??tting. Workers r???t positively and giv? their b??t wh?n th?? know that they ?r? b?ing ?b??rv?d.It i? anti-union and ?r?-m?n?g?m?nt. Mayo und?r??tim?t?d th? r?l? of Uni?n? in a free society ?? well ?? n?v?r tri?d t? integrate unions int? hi? thinking.Thi? th??r? n?gl??t?d th? n?tur? ?f w?rk and in?t??d f??u??d ?n int?r??r??n?l r?l?ti?n?.It ign?r?d th? environmental f??t?r? of w?rk?r?’ ?ttitud?? ?nd b?h?vi?ur.Evidence ?bt?in?d fr?m th? experiments d??? n?t ?u???rt ?n? ?f the ??n?lu ?i?n? d?riv?d b? M??? ?nd th? r????r?h?r?.It l??k? ???n?mi? dimension.It d??? n?t ??n?id?r ?ff??t? ?f ‘??nfli?t?’ ?nd ‘t?n?i?n’ on th? workers.This theory give much ?tt?nti?n t? inf?rm?l r?l?ti?n? ?m?ng workers and between w?rk?r? ?nd supervisors, but littl? to th? f?rm?l relationships with inf?rm?l ?n??.Human relations th??r? were implemented ?? a t??hniqu? for manipulating ????l? to ??m?l? with management directives instead ?f f?r bringing m?n?g?m?nt to ?n und?r?t?nding ?f hum?n n?tur? ?nd thereby ?r??ting th? d??ir?bl? ?h?ng?? in the ?rg?niz?ti?n.Hum?n R?l?ti?n? i? ?l?? ?riti?iz?d for ?v?r?m?h??izing hum?n needs ?t th? ?x??n?? ?f n??d f?r accomplishment or r????n?ibilit?, ?r for ?rg?niz?ti?n?l t??k ?nd ?r?????.Th? ?ff??t of hum?n r?l?ti?n? theories did not result in the d?mi?? ?f th? num?r?u? applications ?f classical theory.S?m? ?f th? ???tul?t?? advanced by human r?l?ti?n? theorists did n?t giv? th? ri?? of d?riv?ti?n? that w?r? ?ubj??t t? ?m?iri??l t??ting. Unde (2007) ??int?d out that th? ?vid?n?? i? l??? ??n?lu?iv? with regard t? th? ?ft?n ???um?d r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n increase ?m?l???? ??ti?f??ti?n ?nd in?r????d productivity.Hum?n r?l?ti?n? th??ri??’ id?? posed certain dil?mm?? without ??luti?n? ?ff?r?d.

Role Of Music In Sonnys Blues - Free Essay Example

Music plays an integral role in the development of social theory and understanding of identity. Sonnys Blues incorporates the idea of music to help define the characters and establish a better understanding of the sociopolitical reality and culture of Harlem. The rather turbulent relationship between the two brothers becomes apparent early on as Sonny yearns to translate his passion for music into a careera decision his brother struggles with accepting. The two brothers have different visions of life, which, in turn forces them to continually have contrasting views. Sonny struggles to be heard especially by his brother however it is through music that Sonny is able to express that which could not be articulated in the verbal language and continually communicates his reality through the medium of jazz. The pain and suffering Sonny endures can be witnessed through the characters adoration of Charlie Parker, a jazz musician who himself died at an early age as a result of drug addiction. We see the parallel between the character and Charlie Parker who at the end of the short story plays his music in front of his brother. The narrator finally listens to his brother Sonny play, revealing the raw essence of his reality which in turn brings the brothers closer and provides both understanding and acceptance of the other in a previously strained relationship. Music served as Sonnys salvation and allowed for the two brothers to open a respectful and understanding dialogue. The narrators understanding can be further demonstrated when he says, Sonnys fingers filled the air with life, his life. But that life contained so many others, indicating that he had now accepted Sonys music and no longer undervalued the meaning it holds. Sonnys Blues is a story about suffering and triumph which play a fundamental role in the development of identity. Each experience served as a chance for salvation and an opportunity for the brothers to make sense of the cruelty of life. Through communication the two brothers are able to achieve a form of salvation by articulating that which seemed impossible. Through listening the two brothers are able to achieve a sense of freedom from the despair that fuels their reality. Music acts as the underlying method of communication for Sonny allowing the character to express his internal struggles that his brother ultimately understands. Baldwin ultimately believes that true sympathy is shown not by trying to change an individuals lifestyle or personality but to support the individual and remain at their side. True compassion does not stem from agreeing with an individuals perspective but rather results from a meaningful attempt to understand the perspective of others that leads to genuine regard for one another. Perhaps this was the message Baldwin attempted to illustrate in Sonnys Blues, that in order to function as individuals in a rather austere environment it is paramount to communicate and listen, for that is what will ultimately free us.

Essay about Gay Love - 1493 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Love is something that is very popular in today’s world. Everyone should be able to love and be loved, to be joined in marriage. But, some people don’t get those rights simply because they’re gay. Congress combines church and state to make marriage illegal. But, people have different religions, different beliefs, and different views on everything. Banning gay marriage violates a person’s constitutional freedom. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The constitute states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.† Church and state are being combined to rule out marriage for gays. Same sex marriage is illegal in all fifty states, and the U.S. Congress has passed a â€Å"Defense of Marriage Act†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦And then again, prior to 1948, interracial couples were not nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;allowed to marry in California and other states. Nineteen years later, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;the U.S. supreme court†¦ruled that mixed raced marriages were legal nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;anywhere in America(Allison â€Å"Church and nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;State†). It took nineteen years just to allow people of two different races to marry, not even considering if they were homosexual. â€Å"This court has long recognized that freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family life is one of the liberties protected by the Due Process of the Fourteenth Amendment.(Allison â€Å"Church and State†)† But still, gays are stripped of that right, because they don’t have the same sexual preference. A poll showed that the Supreme Court ruling on gay marriage back lashed causing people who agreed with homosexual relations being legal to fall from 60% to 48%. 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